Japanese reference
下る
くだる
to go down (a slope or river); to be handed down (of an order)
Regular · 32 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | くだる (kudaru)go down |
| Polite, masu | くだります (kudarimasu)go down |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | くだらない (kudaranai)do not go down |
| Polite negative | くだりません (kudarimasen)do not go down |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | くだった (kudatta)went down |
| Polite past | くだりました (kudarimashita)went down |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | くだらなかった (kudaranakatta)did not go down |
| Polite past negative | くだりませんでした (kudarimasendeshita)did not go down |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | くだって (kudatte)going down (and then) |
| Polite te-form | くだりまして (kudarimashite)going down (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | くだっている (kudatteiru)be going down |
| Polite te-iru | くだっています (kudatteimasu)be going down |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | くだれば (kudareba)if you go down |
| Rare literary polite conditional | くだりますれば (kudarimasureba)if you go down (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | くだったら (kudattara)if you go down |
| Polite conditional, tara | くだりましたら (kudarimashitara)if you go down |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | くだれる (kudareru)can go down |
| Polite potential | くだれます (kudaremasu)can go down |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | くだろう (kudarou)let's go down! |
| Polite volitional | くだりましょう (kudarimashou)let's go down! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | くだりたい (kudaritai)want to go down |
| Polite desire, tai | くだりたいです (kudaritaidesu)want to go down |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | くだられる (kudarareru)be affected when someone goes down |
| Polite passive | くだられます (kudararemasu)be affected when someone goes down |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | くだらせる (kudaraseru)make or let someone go down |
| Polite causative | くだらせます (kudarasemasu)make or let someone go down |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | くだらせられる (kudaraserareru)be made to go down |
| Polite causative-passive | くだらせられます (kudaraseraremasu)be made to go down |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | くだるな (kudaruna)do not go down! |
| Polite negative request | くだらないでください (kudaranaidekudasai)please do not go down |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | くだります (kudarimasu)go down |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | くだりません (kudarimasen)do not go down |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | くだりました (kudarimashita)went down |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | くだりませんでした (kudarimasendeshita)did not go down |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | くだってください (kudattekudasai)please go down |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | くだらないでください (kudaranaidekudasai)please do not go down |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | くだりましょう (kudarimashou)let's go down! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | くだってもいい (kudattemoii)may go down |
| Polite permission | くだってもいいです (kudattemoiidesu)may go down |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | くだってはいけない (kudattehaikenai)must not go down |
| Polite prohibition | くだってはいけません (kudattehaikemasen)must not go down |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | くだりなさい (kudarinasai)go down (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | くだってみる (kudattemiru)try to go down |
| Polite try doing | くだってみます (kudattemimasu)try to go down |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | くだってしまう (kudatteshimau)go down completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | くだってしまいます (kudatteshimaimasu)go down completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | くだっておく (kudatteoku)go down in advance |
| Polite preparation | くだっておきます (kudatteokimasu)go down in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | くだったことがある (kudattakotogaaru)have the experience of: went down |
| Polite past experience | くだったことがあります (kudattakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: went down |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | くだると (kudaruto)whenever you go down |
| Polite automatic result | くだりますと (kudarimasuto)whenever you go down |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | くだるなら (kudarunara)if you mean to go down |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | くだるだろう (kudarudarou)probably go down |
| Polite probability | くだるでしょう (kudarudeshou)probably go down |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | くだれ (kudare)go down! |
| Polite request | くだってください (kudattekudasai)please go down |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.