Japanese reference
参加する
さんかする
to participate
Irregular · 32 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | さんかする (sankasuru)participate |
| Polite, masu | さんかします (sankashimasu)participate |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | さんかしない (sankashinai)do not participate |
| Polite negative | さんかしません (sankashimasen)do not participate |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | さんかした (sankashita)participated |
| Polite past | さんかしました (sankashimashita)participated |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | さんかしなかった (sankashinakatta)did not participate |
| Polite past negative | さんかしませんでした (sankashimasendeshita)did not participate |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | さんかして (sankashite)participating (and then) |
| Polite te-form | さんかしまして (sankashimashite)participating (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | さんかしている (sankashiteiru)be participating |
| Polite te-iru | さんかしています (sankashiteimasu)be participating |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | さんかすれば (sankasureba)if you participate |
| Rare literary polite conditional | さんかしますれば (sankashimasureba)if you participate (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | さんかしたら (sankashitara)if you participate |
| Polite conditional, tara | さんかしましたら (sankashimashitara)if you participate |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | さんかできる (sankadekiru)can participate |
| Polite potential | さんかできます (sankadekimasu)can participate |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | さんかしよう (sankashiyou)let's participate! |
| Polite volitional | さんかしましょう (sankashimashou)let's participate! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | さんかしたい (sankashitai)want to participate |
| Polite desire, tai | さんかしたいです (sankashitaidesu)want to participate |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | さんかされる (sankasareru)be affected when someone participates |
| Polite passive | さんかされます (sankasaremasu)be affected when someone participates |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | さんかさせる (sankasaseru)make or let someone participate |
| Polite causative | さんかさせます (sankasasemasu)make or let someone participate |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | さんかさせられる (sankasaserareru)be made to participate |
| Polite causative-passive | さんかさせられます (sankasaseraremasu)be made to participate |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | さんかするな (sankasuruna)do not participate! |
| Polite negative request | さんかしないでください (sankashinaidekudasai)please do not participate |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | さんかします (sankashimasu)participate |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | さんかしません (sankashimasen)do not participate |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | さんかしました (sankashimashita)participated |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | さんかしませんでした (sankashimasendeshita)did not participate |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | さんかしてください (sankashitekudasai)please participate |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | さんかしないでください (sankashinaidekudasai)please do not participate |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | さんかしましょう (sankashimashou)let's participate! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | さんかしてもいい (sankashitemoii)may participate |
| Polite permission | さんかしてもいいです (sankashitemoiidesu)may participate |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | さんかしてはいけない (sankashitehaikenai)must not participate |
| Polite prohibition | さんかしてはいけません (sankashitehaikemasen)must not participate |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | さんかしなさい (sankashinasai)participate (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | さんかしてみる (sankashitemiru)try to participate |
| Polite try doing | さんかしてみます (sankashitemimasu)try to participate |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | さんかしてしまう (sankashiteshimau)participate completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | さんかしてしまいます (sankashiteshimaimasu)participate completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | さんかしておく (sankashiteoku)participate in advance |
| Polite preparation | さんかしておきます (sankashiteokimasu)participate in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | さんかしたことがある (sankashitakotogaaru)have the experience of: participated |
| Polite past experience | さんかしたことがあります (sankashitakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: participated |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | さんかすると (sankasuruto)whenever you participate |
| Polite automatic result | さんかしますと (sankashimasuto)whenever you participate |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | さんかするなら (sankasurunara)if you mean to participate |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | さんかするだろう (sankasurudarou)probably participate |
| Polite probability | さんかするでしょう (sankasurudeshou)probably participate |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | さんかしろ (sankashiro)participate! |
| Polite request | さんかしてください (sankashitekudasai)please participate |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.