Japanese reference
いる
to be; exist (people and animals)
Regular · 33 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | いる (iru)be there (people or animals, plain) |
| Polite | います (imasu)be there (people or animals, polite) |
| Modifying a noun | いる (iru)who is there (people or animals) |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative | いない (inai)not be there (people or animals, plain) |
| Polite negative | いません (imasen)not be there (people or animals, polite) |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past | いた (ita)was there (people or animals, plain) |
| Polite past | いました (imashita)was there (people or animals, polite) |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | いなかった (inakatta)was not there (people or animals, plain) |
| Polite past negative | いませんでした (imasendeshita)was not there (people or animals, polite) |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | いて (ite)be there and ... (people or animals) |
| Polite te-form | いまして (imashite)being there (and then) |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | いれば (ireba)if present (people or animals) |
| Rare literary polite conditional | いますれば (imasureba)if you are there (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | いたら (itara)if present (people or animals) |
| Polite conditional, tara | いましたら (imashitara)if you are there |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | いられる (irareru)can be there |
| Polite potential | いられます (iraremasu)can be there |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | いよう (iyou)let's be there! |
| Polite volitional | いましょう (imashou)let's be there! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | いたい (itai)want to be there |
| Polite desire, tai | いたいです (itaidesu)want to be there |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | いられる (irareru)be affected when someone is there |
| Polite passive | いられます (iraremasu)be affected when someone is there |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | いさせる (isaseru)make or let someone be there |
| Polite causative | いさせます (isasemasu)make or let someone be there |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | いさせられる (isaserareru)be made to be there |
| Polite causative-passive | いさせられます (isaseraremasu)be made to be there |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | いるな (iruna)do not be there! |
| Polite negative request | いないでください (inaidekudasai)please do not be there |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | います (imasu)be there |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | いません (imasen)not be there |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | いました (imashita)was there |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | いませんでした (imasendeshita)was not there |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | いてください (itekudasai)please be there |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | いないでください (inaidekudasai)please do not be there |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | いましょう (imashou)let's be there! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | いてもいい (itemoii)may be there |
| Polite permission | いてもいいです (itemoiidesu)may be there |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | いてはいけない (itehaikenai)must not be there |
| Polite prohibition | いてはいけません (itehaikemasen)must not be there |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | いなさい (inasai)be there (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | いてみる (itemiru)try to be there |
| Polite try doing | いてみます (itemimasu)try to be there |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | いてしまう (iteshimau)be there completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | いてしまいます (iteshimaimasu)be there completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | いておく (iteoku)be there in advance |
| Polite preparation | いておきます (iteokimasu)be there in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | いたことがある (itakotogaaru)have the experience of: was there |
| Polite past experience | いたことがあります (itakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: was there |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | いると (iruto)whenever you be there |
| Polite automatic result | いますと (imasuto)whenever you be there |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | いるなら (irunara)if you mean to be there |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | いるだろう (irudarou)probably be there |
| Polite probability | いるでしょう (irudeshou)probably be there |
Respect
Honorific
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Honorific | いらっしゃる (irassharu)be there (honoring the subject) |
| Polite honorific | いらっしゃいます (irasshaimasu)be there (honoring the subject) |
Humble
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Humble | おる (oru)be there (humbly) |
| Polite humble | おります (orimasu)be there (humbly) |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | いろ (iro)be there! |
| Polite request | いてください (itekudasai)please be there |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.