Japanese reference
する
to do
Irregular · 34 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | する (suru)do (plain) |
| Polite, masu | します (shimasu)do (polite) |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | しない (shinai)do not do (plain) |
| Polite negative | しません (shimasen)do not do (polite) |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | した (shita)did (plain) |
| Polite past | しました (shimashita)did (polite) |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | しなかった (shinakatta)did not do (plain) |
| Polite past negative | しませんでした (shimasendeshita)did not do (polite) |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | して (shite)do and ... |
| Polite te-form | しまして (shimashite)doing (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | している (shiteiru)be doing |
| Polite te-iru | しています (shiteimasu)be doing |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | すれば (sureba)if (you) do |
| Rare literary polite conditional | しますれば (shimasureba)if you do (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | したら (shitara)if (you) do; after doing |
| Polite conditional, tara | しましたら (shimashitara)if you do |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | できる (dekiru)can do |
| Polite potential | できます (dekimasu)can do |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | しよう (shiyou)let's do |
| Polite volitional | しましょう (shimashou)let's do! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | したい (shitai)want to do |
| Polite desire, tai | したいです (shitaidesu)want to do |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | される (sareru)be done |
| Polite passive | されます (saremasu)be affected when someone does |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | させる (saseru)make or let someone do |
| Polite causative | させます (sasemasu)make or let someone do |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | させられる (saserareru)be made to do |
| Polite causative-passive | させられます (saseraremasu)be made to do |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | するな (suruna)do not do! |
| Polite negative request | しないでください (shinaidekudasai)please do not do |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | します (shimasu)do |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | しません (shimasen)do not do |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | しました (shimashita)did |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | しませんでした (shimasendeshita)did not do |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | してください (shitekudasai)please do |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | しないでください (shinaidekudasai)please do not do |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | しましょう (shimashou)let's do! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | してもいい (shitemoii)may do |
| Polite permission | してもいいです (shitemoiidesu)may do |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | してはいけない (shitehaikenai)must not do |
| Polite prohibition | してはいけません (shitehaikemasen)must not do |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | しなさい (shinasai)do (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | してみる (shitemiru)try to do |
| Polite try doing | してみます (shitemimasu)try to do |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | してしまう (shiteshimau)do completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | してしまいます (shiteshimaimasu)do completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | しておく (shiteoku)do in advance |
| Polite preparation | しておきます (shiteokimasu)do in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | したことがある (shitakotogaaru)have the experience of: did |
| Polite past experience | したことがあります (shitakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: did |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | すると (suruto)whenever you do |
| Polite automatic result | しますと (shimasuto)whenever you do |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | するなら (surunara)if you mean to do |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | するだろう (surudarou)probably do |
| Polite probability | するでしょう (surudeshou)probably do |
Respect
Honorific
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Honorific | なさる (nasaru)do (honoring the subject) |
| Polite honorific | なさいます (nasaimasu)do (honoring the subject) |
Humble
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Humble | いたす (itasu)do (humbly) |
| Polite humble | いたします (itashimasu)do (humbly) |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | しろ (shiro)do it! (command) |
| Polite request | してください (shitekudasai)please do |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.