Japanese reference
悲しむ
かなしむ
to grieve, feel sad
Regular · 32 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | かなしむ (kanashimu)grieve |
| Polite, masu | かなしみます (kanashimimasu)grieve |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | かなしまない (kanashimanai)do not grieve |
| Polite negative | かなしみません (kanashimimasen)do not grieve |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | かなしんだ (kanashinda)grieved |
| Polite past | かなしみました (kanashimimashita)grieved |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | かなしまなかった (kanashimanakatta)did not grieve |
| Polite past negative | かなしみませんでした (kanashimimasendeshita)did not grieve |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | かなしんで (kanashinde)grieving (and then) |
| Polite te-form | かなしみまして (kanashimimashite)grieving (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | かなしんでいる (kanashindeiru)be grieving |
| Polite te-iru | かなしんでいます (kanashindeimasu)be grieving |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | かなしめば (kanashimeba)if you grieve |
| Rare literary polite conditional | かなしみますれば (kanashimimasureba)if you grieve (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | かなしんだら (kanashindara)if you grieve |
| Polite conditional, tara | かなしみましたら (kanashimimashitara)if you grieve |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | かなしめる (kanashimeru)can grieve |
| Polite potential | かなしめます (kanashimemasu)can grieve |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | かなしもう (kanashimou)let's grieve! |
| Polite volitional | かなしみましょう (kanashimimashou)let's grieve! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | かなしみたい (kanashimitai)want to grieve |
| Polite desire, tai | かなしみたいです (kanashimitaidesu)want to grieve |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | かなしまれる (kanashimareru)be grieved |
| Polite passive | かなしまれます (kanashimaremasu)be grieved |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | かなしませる (kanashimaseru)make or let someone grieve |
| Polite causative | かなしませます (kanashimasemasu)make or let someone grieve |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | かなしませられる (kanashimaserareru)be made to grieve |
| Polite causative-passive | かなしませられます (kanashimaseraremasu)be made to grieve |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | かなしむな (kanashimuna)do not grieve! |
| Polite negative request | かなしまないでください (kanashimanaidekudasai)please do not grieve |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | かなしみます (kanashimimasu)grieve |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | かなしみません (kanashimimasen)do not grieve |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | かなしみました (kanashimimashita)grieved |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | かなしみませんでした (kanashimimasendeshita)did not grieve |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | かなしんでください (kanashindekudasai)please grieve |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | かなしまないでください (kanashimanaidekudasai)please do not grieve |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | かなしみましょう (kanashimimashou)let's grieve! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | かなしんでもいい (kanashindemoii)may grieve |
| Polite permission | かなしんでもいいです (kanashindemoiidesu)may grieve |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | かなしんではいけない (kanashindehaikenai)must not grieve |
| Polite prohibition | かなしんではいけません (kanashindehaikemasen)must not grieve |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | かなしみなさい (kanashiminasai)grieve (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | かなしんでみる (kanashindemiru)try to grieve |
| Polite try doing | かなしんでみます (kanashindemimasu)try to grieve |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | かなしんでしまう (kanashindeshimau)grieve completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | かなしんでしまいます (kanashindeshimaimasu)grieve completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | かなしんでおく (kanashindeoku)grieve in advance |
| Polite preparation | かなしんでおきます (kanashindeokimasu)grieve in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | かなしんだことがある (kanashindakotogaaru)have the experience of: grieved |
| Polite past experience | かなしんだことがあります (kanashindakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: grieved |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | かなしむと (kanashimuto)whenever you grieve |
| Polite automatic result | かなしみますと (kanashimimasuto)whenever you grieve |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | かなしむなら (kanashimunara)if you mean to grieve |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | かなしむだろう (kanashimudarou)probably grieve |
| Polite probability | かなしむでしょう (kanashimudeshou)probably grieve |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | かなしめ (kanashime)grieve! |
| Polite request | かなしんでください (kanashindekudasai)please grieve |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.