Japanese reference
越える
こえる
to cross; to go over
Regular · 32 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | こえる (koeru)cross |
| Polite, masu | こえます (koemasu)cross |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | こえない (koenai)do not cross |
| Polite negative | こえません (koemasen)do not cross |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | こえた (koeta)crossed |
| Polite past | こえました (koemashita)crossed |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | こえなかった (koenakatta)did not cross |
| Polite past negative | こえませんでした (koemasendeshita)did not cross |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | こえて (koete)crossing (and then) |
| Polite te-form | こえまして (koemashite)crossing (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | こえている (koeteiru)be crossing |
| Polite te-iru | こえています (koeteimasu)be crossing |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | こえれば (koereba)if you cross |
| Rare literary polite conditional | こえますれば (koemasureba)if you cross (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | こえたら (koetara)if you cross |
| Polite conditional, tara | こえましたら (koemashitara)if you cross |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | こえられる (koerareru)can cross |
| Polite potential | こえられます (koeraremasu)can cross |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | こえよう (koeyou)let's cross! |
| Polite volitional | こえましょう (koemashou)let's cross! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | こえたい (koetai)want to cross |
| Polite desire, tai | こえたいです (koetaidesu)want to cross |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | こえられる (koerareru)be affected when someone crosses |
| Polite passive | こえられます (koeraremasu)be affected when someone crosses |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | こえさせる (koesaseru)make or let someone cross |
| Polite causative | こえさせます (koesasemasu)make or let someone cross |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | こえさせられる (koesaserareru)be made to cross |
| Polite causative-passive | こえさせられます (koesaseraremasu)be made to cross |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | こえるな (koeruna)do not cross! |
| Polite negative request | こえないでください (koenaidekudasai)please do not cross |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | こえます (koemasu)cross |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | こえません (koemasen)do not cross |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | こえました (koemashita)crossed |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | こえませんでした (koemasendeshita)did not cross |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | こえてください (koetekudasai)please cross |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | こえないでください (koenaidekudasai)please do not cross |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | こえましょう (koemashou)let's cross! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | こえてもいい (koetemoii)may cross |
| Polite permission | こえてもいいです (koetemoiidesu)may cross |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | こえてはいけない (koetehaikenai)must not cross |
| Polite prohibition | こえてはいけません (koetehaikemasen)must not cross |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | こえなさい (koenasai)cross (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | こえてみる (koetemiru)try to cross |
| Polite try doing | こえてみます (koetemimasu)try to cross |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | こえてしまう (koeteshimau)cross completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | こえてしまいます (koeteshimaimasu)cross completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | こえておく (koeteoku)cross in advance |
| Polite preparation | こえておきます (koeteokimasu)cross in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | こえたことがある (koetakotogaaru)have the experience of: crossed |
| Polite past experience | こえたことがあります (koetakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: crossed |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | こえると (koeruto)whenever you cross |
| Polite automatic result | こえますと (koemasuto)whenever you cross |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | こえるなら (koerunara)if you mean to cross |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | こえるだろう (koerudarou)probably cross |
| Polite probability | こえるでしょう (koerudeshou)probably cross |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | こえろ (koero)cross! |
| Polite request | こえてください (koetekudasai)please cross |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.