Japanese reference
作る
つくる
to make
Regular · 32 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | つくる (tsukuru)make something |
| Polite, masu | つくります (tsukurimasu)make something |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | つくらない (tsukuranai)do not make something |
| Polite negative | つくりません (tsukurimasen)do not make something |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | つくった (tsukutta)made something |
| Polite past | つくりました (tsukurimashita)made something |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | つくらなかった (tsukuranakatta)did not make something |
| Polite past negative | つくりませんでした (tsukurimasendeshita)did not make something |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | つくって (tsukutte)making something (and then) |
| Polite te-form | つくりまして (tsukurimashite)making something (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | つくっている (tsukutteiru)be making something |
| Polite te-iru | つくっています (tsukutteimasu)be making something |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | つくれば (tsukureba)if you make something |
| Rare literary polite conditional | つくりますれば (tsukurimasureba)if you make something (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | つくったら (tsukuttara)if you make something |
| Polite conditional, tara | つくりましたら (tsukurimashitara)if you make something |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | つくれる (tsukureru)can make something |
| Polite potential | つくれます (tsukuremasu)can make something |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | つくろう (tsukurou)let's make something! |
| Polite volitional | つくりましょう (tsukurimashou)let's make something! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | つくりたい (tsukuritai)want to make something |
| Polite desire, tai | つくりたいです (tsukuritaidesu)want to make something |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | つくられる (tsukurareru)be made |
| Polite passive | つくられます (tsukuraremasu)be made |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | つくらせる (tsukuraseru)make or let someone make something |
| Polite causative | つくらせます (tsukurasemasu)make or let someone make something |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | つくらせられる (tsukuraserareru)be made to make something |
| Polite causative-passive | つくらせられます (tsukuraseraremasu)be made to make something |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | つくるな (tsukuruna)do not make something! |
| Polite negative request | つくらないでください (tsukuranaidekudasai)please do not make something |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | つくります (tsukurimasu)make something |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | つくりません (tsukurimasen)do not make something |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | つくりました (tsukurimashita)made something |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | つくりませんでした (tsukurimasendeshita)did not make something |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | つくってください (tsukuttekudasai)please make something |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | つくらないでください (tsukuranaidekudasai)please do not make something |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | つくりましょう (tsukurimashou)let's make something! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | つくってもいい (tsukuttemoii)may make something |
| Polite permission | つくってもいいです (tsukuttemoiidesu)may make something |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | つくってはいけない (tsukuttehaikenai)must not make something |
| Polite prohibition | つくってはいけません (tsukuttehaikemasen)must not make something |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | つくりなさい (tsukurinasai)make something (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | つくってみる (tsukuttemiru)try to make something |
| Polite try doing | つくってみます (tsukuttemimasu)try to make something |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | つくってしまう (tsukutteshimau)make something completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | つくってしまいます (tsukutteshimaimasu)make something completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | つくっておく (tsukutteoku)make something in advance |
| Polite preparation | つくっておきます (tsukutteokimasu)make something in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | つくったことがある (tsukuttakotogaaru)have the experience of: made something |
| Polite past experience | つくったことがあります (tsukuttakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: made something |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | つくると (tsukuruto)whenever you make something |
| Polite automatic result | つくりますと (tsukurimasuto)whenever you make something |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | つくるなら (tsukurunara)if you mean to make something |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | つくるだろう (tsukurudarou)probably make something |
| Polite probability | つくるでしょう (tsukurudeshou)probably make something |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | つくれ (tsukure)make something! |
| Polite request | つくってください (tsukuttekudasai)please make something |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.