Japanese reference
怖がる
こわがる
to be afraid of
Regular · 32 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | こわがる (kowagaru)be afraid |
| Polite, masu | こわがります (kowagarimasu)be afraid |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | こわがらない (kowagaranai)not be afraid |
| Polite negative | こわがりません (kowagarimasen)not be afraid |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | こわがった (kowagatta)was afraid |
| Polite past | こわがりました (kowagarimashita)was afraid |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | こわがらなかった (kowagaranakatta)was not afraid |
| Polite past negative | こわがりませんでした (kowagarimasendeshita)was not afraid |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | こわがって (kowagatte)being afraid (and then) |
| Polite te-form | こわがりまして (kowagarimashite)being afraid (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | こわがっている (kowagatteiru)be afraid |
| Polite te-iru | こわがっています (kowagatteimasu)be afraid |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | こわがれば (kowagareba)if you are afraid |
| Rare literary polite conditional | こわがりますれば (kowagarimasureba)if you are afraid (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | こわがったら (kowagattara)if you are afraid |
| Polite conditional, tara | こわがりましたら (kowagarimashitara)if you are afraid |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | こわがれる (kowagareru)can be afraid |
| Polite potential | こわがれます (kowagaremasu)can be afraid |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | こわがろう (kowagarou)let's be afraid! |
| Polite volitional | こわがりましょう (kowagarimashou)let's be afraid! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | こわがりたい (kowagaritai)want to be afraid |
| Polite desire, tai | こわがりたいです (kowagaritaidesu)want to be afraid |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | こわがられる (kowagarareru)be affected when someone is afraid |
| Polite passive | こわがられます (kowagararemasu)be affected when someone is afraid |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | こわがらせる (kowagaraseru)make or let someone be afraid |
| Polite causative | こわがらせます (kowagarasemasu)make or let someone be afraid |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | こわがらせられる (kowagaraserareru)be made to be afraid |
| Polite causative-passive | こわがらせられます (kowagaraseraremasu)be made to be afraid |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | こわがるな (kowagaruna)do not be afraid! |
| Polite negative request | こわがらないでください (kowagaranaidekudasai)please do not be afraid |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | こわがります (kowagarimasu)be afraid |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | こわがりません (kowagarimasen)not be afraid |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | こわがりました (kowagarimashita)was afraid |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | こわがりませんでした (kowagarimasendeshita)was not afraid |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | こわがってください (kowagattekudasai)please be afraid |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | こわがらないでください (kowagaranaidekudasai)please do not be afraid |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | こわがりましょう (kowagarimashou)let's be afraid! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | こわがってもいい (kowagattemoii)may be afraid |
| Polite permission | こわがってもいいです (kowagattemoiidesu)may be afraid |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | こわがってはいけない (kowagattehaikenai)must not be afraid |
| Polite prohibition | こわがってはいけません (kowagattehaikemasen)must not be afraid |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | こわがりなさい (kowagarinasai)be afraid (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | こわがってみる (kowagattemiru)try to be afraid |
| Polite try doing | こわがってみます (kowagattemimasu)try to be afraid |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | こわがってしまう (kowagatteshimau)be afraid completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | こわがってしまいます (kowagatteshimaimasu)be afraid completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | こわがっておく (kowagatteoku)be afraid in advance |
| Polite preparation | こわがっておきます (kowagatteokimasu)be afraid in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | こわがったことがある (kowagattakotogaaru)have the experience of: was afraid |
| Polite past experience | こわがったことがあります (kowagattakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: was afraid |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | こわがると (kowagaruto)whenever you be afraid |
| Polite automatic result | こわがりますと (kowagarimasuto)whenever you be afraid |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | こわがるなら (kowagarunara)if you mean to be afraid |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | こわがるだろう (kowagarudarou)probably be afraid |
| Polite probability | こわがるでしょう (kowagarudeshou)probably be afraid |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | こわがれ (kowagare)be afraid! |
| Polite request | こわがってください (kowagattekudasai)please be afraid |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.