Japanese reference
抗議する
こうぎする
to protest
Irregular · 32 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | こうぎする (kougisuru)protest |
| Polite, masu | こうぎします (kougishimasu)protest |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | こうぎしない (kougishinai)do not protest |
| Polite negative | こうぎしません (kougishimasen)do not protest |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | こうぎした (kougishita)protested |
| Polite past | こうぎしました (kougishimashita)protested |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | こうぎしなかった (kougishinakatta)did not protest |
| Polite past negative | こうぎしませんでした (kougishimasendeshita)did not protest |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | こうぎして (kougishite)protesting (and then) |
| Polite te-form | こうぎしまして (kougishimashite)protesting (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | こうぎしている (kougishiteiru)be protesting |
| Polite te-iru | こうぎしています (kougishiteimasu)be protesting |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | こうぎすれば (kougisureba)if you protest |
| Rare literary polite conditional | こうぎしますれば (kougishimasureba)if you protest (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | こうぎしたら (kougishitara)if you protest |
| Polite conditional, tara | こうぎしましたら (kougishimashitara)if you protest |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | こうぎできる (kougidekiru)can protest |
| Polite potential | こうぎできます (kougidekimasu)can protest |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | こうぎしよう (kougishiyou)let's protest! |
| Polite volitional | こうぎしましょう (kougishimashou)let's protest! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | こうぎしたい (kougishitai)want to protest |
| Polite desire, tai | こうぎしたいです (kougishitaidesu)want to protest |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | こうぎされる (kougisareru)be affected when someone protests |
| Polite passive | こうぎされます (kougisaremasu)be affected when someone protests |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | こうぎさせる (kougisaseru)make or let someone protest |
| Polite causative | こうぎさせます (kougisasemasu)make or let someone protest |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | こうぎさせられる (kougisaserareru)be made to protest |
| Polite causative-passive | こうぎさせられます (kougisaseraremasu)be made to protest |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | こうぎするな (kougisuruna)do not protest! |
| Polite negative request | こうぎしないでください (kougishinaidekudasai)please do not protest |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | こうぎします (kougishimasu)protest |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | こうぎしません (kougishimasen)do not protest |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | こうぎしました (kougishimashita)protested |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | こうぎしませんでした (kougishimasendeshita)did not protest |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | こうぎしてください (kougishitekudasai)please protest |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | こうぎしないでください (kougishinaidekudasai)please do not protest |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | こうぎしましょう (kougishimashou)let's protest! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | こうぎしてもいい (kougishitemoii)may protest |
| Polite permission | こうぎしてもいいです (kougishitemoiidesu)may protest |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | こうぎしてはいけない (kougishitehaikenai)must not protest |
| Polite prohibition | こうぎしてはいけません (kougishitehaikemasen)must not protest |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | こうぎしなさい (kougishinasai)protest (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | こうぎしてみる (kougishitemiru)try to protest |
| Polite try doing | こうぎしてみます (kougishitemimasu)try to protest |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | こうぎしてしまう (kougishiteshimau)protest completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | こうぎしてしまいます (kougishiteshimaimasu)protest completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | こうぎしておく (kougishiteoku)protest in advance |
| Polite preparation | こうぎしておきます (kougishiteokimasu)protest in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | こうぎしたことがある (kougishitakotogaaru)have the experience of: protested |
| Polite past experience | こうぎしたことがあります (kougishitakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: protested |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | こうぎすると (kougisuruto)whenever you protest |
| Polite automatic result | こうぎしますと (kougishimasuto)whenever you protest |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | こうぎするなら (kougisurunara)if you mean to protest |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | こうぎするだろう (kougisurudarou)probably protest |
| Polite probability | こうぎするでしょう (kougisurudeshou)probably protest |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | こうぎしろ (kougishiro)protest! |
| Polite request | こうぎしてください (kougishitekudasai)please protest |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.