Japanese reference
鍛える
きたえる
to train
Regular · 32 form tables
Rows describe verb forms and levels of politeness. Honorific and humble forms are labeled separately. Strong commands appear under additional forms.
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Basic
Non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Dictionary form | きたえる (kitaeru)train |
| Polite, masu | きたえます (kitaemasu)train |
Negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative, nai | きたえない (kitaenai)do not train |
| Polite negative | きたえません (kitaemasen)do not train |
Past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past, ta | きたえた (kitaeta)trained |
| Polite past | きたえました (kitaemashita)trained |
Past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past negative | きたえなかった (kitaenakatta)did not train |
| Polite past negative | きたえませんでした (kitaemasendeshita)did not train |
Linking
Te form
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-form | きたえて (kitaete)training (and then) |
| Polite te-form | きたえまして (kitaemashite)training (and then) |
Te iru
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Te-iru: ongoing action / resulting state | きたえている (kitaeteiru)be training |
| Polite te-iru | きたえています (kitaeteimasu)be training |
Conditional, ba
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, ba | きたえれば (kitaereba)if you train |
| Rare literary polite conditional | きたえますれば (kitaemasureba)if you train (rare and literary). In ordinary polite conversation, use the plain conditional and make the main clause polite |
Conditional, tara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Conditional, tara | きたえたら (kitaetara)if you train |
| Polite conditional, tara | きたえましたら (kitaemashitara)if you train |
Mood
Potential
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Potential | きたえられる (kitaerareru)can train |
| Polite potential | きたえられます (kitaeraremasu)can train |
Volitional
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Volitional | きたえよう (kitaeyou)let's train! |
| Polite volitional | きたえましょう (kitaemashou)let's train! |
Desire, tai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Desire, tai | きたえたい (kitaetai)want to train |
| Polite desire, tai | きたえたいです (kitaetaidesu)want to train |
Voice
Passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Passive | きたえられる (kitaerareru)be trained |
| Polite passive | きたえられます (kitaeraremasu)be trained |
Causative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative | きたえさせる (kitaesaseru)make or let someone train |
| Polite causative | きたえさせます (kitaesasemasu)make or let someone train |
Causative passive
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Causative-passive | きたえさせられる (kitaesaserareru)be made to train |
| Polite causative-passive | きたえさせられます (kitaesaseraremasu)be made to train |
Commands
Negative imperative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Negative imperative | きたえるな (kitaeruna)do not train! |
| Polite negative request | きたえないでください (kitaenaidekudasai)please do not train |
Polite
Polite non past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite non-past form | きたえます (kitaemasu)train |
Polite negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite negative form | きたえません (kitaemasen)do not train |
Polite past
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past form | きたえました (kitaemashita)trained |
Polite past negative
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Polite past negative form | きたえませんでした (kitaemasendeshita)did not train |
Requests
Request with kudasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request with kudasai | きたえてください (kitaetekudasai)please train |
Negative request
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Request not to act | きたえないでください (kitaenaidekudasai)please do not train |
Invitation with mashou
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Invitation with mashou | きたえましょう (kitaemashou)let's train! |
Permission
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Permission | きたえてもいい (kitaetemoii)may train |
| Polite permission | きたえてもいいです (kitaetemoiidesu)may train |
Not allowed
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Not allowed | きたえてはいけない (kitaetehaikenai)must not train |
| Polite prohibition | きたえてはいけません (kitaetehaikemasen)must not train |
Instruction with nasai
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Instruction with nasai | きたえなさい (kitaenasai)train (instruction) |
Aspect
Try doing
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Try doing | きたえてみる (kitaetemiru)try to train |
| Polite try doing | きたえてみます (kitaetemimasu)try to train |
Completion or regret
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Completion or regret | きたえてしまう (kitaeteshimau)train completely or regrettably |
| Polite completion or regret | きたえてしまいます (kitaeteshimaimasu)train completely or regrettably |
Preparation
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Preparation | きたえておく (kitaeteoku)train in advance |
| Polite preparation | きたえておきます (kitaeteokimasu)train in advance |
Past experience
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Past experience | きたえたことがある (kitaetakotogaaru)have the experience of: trained |
| Polite past experience | きたえたことがあります (kitaetakotogaarimasu)have the experience of: trained |
Conditions
Automatic result, to
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Automatic result, to | きたえると (kitaeruto)whenever you train |
| Polite automatic result | きたえますと (kitaemasuto)whenever you train |
Given that, nara
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Given that, nara | きたえるなら (kitaerunara)if you mean to train |
Probability
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Probability | きたえるだろう (kitaerudarou)probably train |
| Polite probability | きたえるでしょう (kitaerudeshou)probably train |
Additional forms
Strong command
| Person, form or usage | Form and meaning |
|---|---|
| Imperative | きたえろ (kitaero)train! |
| Polite request | きたえてください (kitaetekudasai)please train |
Forms from the Loquus reference. Only supplied forms are shown. Browse all Japanese entries.